Clothes make the leader! How leaders can use attire to impact followers' perceptions of charisma and approval

Abstract Sneakers at a product launch, a leather jacket when heads of state meet, sunglasses at a formal reception. While popular media relishes leaders who catch the eye by way of such distinctive fashion, we know little about how this salient daily practice of dress specifically affects perceptions of leaders in their daily business. Addressing this gap, we investigated how dress impacts perceptions and approval of a leader. Firstly, we found formal attire to lead to ascriptions of prototypicality but not charisma (Study 1). Secondly, leaders' charisma and approval were higher when a person's clothing style contrasted their organization's culture (Study 2). Lastly, we replicated the impact of informal clothing on both leader approval and charisma in a sample of CEOs of Fortune 1000 companies (Studies 3 and 4). Findings lend support to the notion that leaders can manipulate their style of attire to actively shape their followers' impressions of themselves

Entrepreneurial leadership: An experimental approach investigating the influence of eye contact on motivation

Small, new firms lack the resources of most larger, established firms, which makes effectively motivating employees challenging. Charismatic leadership is effective in increasing the performance of both groups and entire organizations. Specifically, the impact of charismatic leadership practices on followers stems from nonverbal communication and construed immediacy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of an entrepreneurial leader’s eye contact and smiling on followers’ objective motivation in an experimental leadership situation. A sample of 129 young adults was tested in a 2×2 (nonverbal tactics: high eye contact/low eye contact × high smile/low smile) experimental design. Motivation was measured by objective performance in a motoric reaction time task. The conditions were operationalized by manipulating gaze behavior and facial expressions of the leader in a staged instructional video, showing a start-up entrepreneur attempting to enhance the performance of his employees as part of a competitive comparison. Regardless of whether the leader smiled or not, participants showed faster responses and therefore performed more effectively when the leader maintained high eye contact.These findings support the hypothesis that increased eye contact is a strong nonverbal signal, which in the immediate context of leader-follower interactions, stimulates an increase in performance. In fact, eye contact could induce an increased level of motivational arousal in followers, resulting in improved confidence and self-reference when taking instructions. This study advances the existing research on learnable skills that can be used to appear more charismatic and thus potentially increasing follower performance by adopting simple nonverbal rules in communication behavior. This offers an invaluable and low-cost tool for leaders founding a start-up business

Ancilla models for quantum operations: For what unitaries does the ancilla state have to be physical?

Any evolution described by a completely positive trace-preserving linear map can be imagined as arising from the interaction of the evolving system with an initially uncorrelated ancilla. The interaction is given by a joint unitary operator, acting on the system and the ancilla. Here we study the properties such a unitary operator must have in order to force the choice of a physical- that is, positive-state for the ancilla if the end result is to be a physical-that is, completely positive-evolution of the system.Comment: Quantum Information Processing, (2012

Immobilized Ru‐Pincer Complexes for Continuous Gas‐Phase Low‐Temperature Methanol Reforming‐Improving the Activity by a Second Ru‐Complex and Variation of Hydroxide Additives

Ru-pincer complexes were immobilized as supported liquid phase (SLP) materials to allow the methanol reforming reaction as continuous gas phase process. Under reaction conditions, the liquid phase forms from the hydroxide coating. Several hydroxides were screened and CsOH showed highest activity compared to the standard KOH coating. The well-known Ru-pincer complex carbonylchlorohydrido [bis(2-di-i-propylphosphinoethyl)amine]ruthenium(II) is limited in catalyzing the final step of the methanol reforming. Addition of a second complex, having a methylated backbone in the pincer-ligand, could overcome these limitations. Significant enhancement of the overall catalytic activity was observed

A class of 2^N x 2^N bound entangled states revealed by non-decomposable maps

We use some general results regarding positive maps to exhibit examples of non-decomposable maps and 2^N x 2^N, N >= 2, bound entangled states, e.g. non distillable bipartite states of N + N qubits.Comment: 19 pages, 1 figur

Heralded processes on continuous-variable spaces as quantum maps

Conditional evolution is crucial for generating non-Gaussian resources for quantum information tasks in the continuous variable scenario. However, tools are lacking for a convenient representation of heralded process in terms of quantum maps for continuous variable states, in the same way as Wigner functions are able to give a compact description of the quantum state. Here we propose and study such a representation, based on the introduction of a suitable transfer function to describe the action of a quantum operation on the Wigner function. We also reconstruct the maps of two relevant examples of conditional process, that is, noiseless amplification and photon addition, by combining experimental data and a detailed physical model. This analysis allows to fully characterize the effect of experimental imperfections in their implementations.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures. Minor change

Emergency Left Colon Resection for Acute Perforation. Primary Anastomosis or Hartmann's Procedure? A Case-matched Control Study

Background: The optimal treatment remains controversial for acute left-sided colon perforation. Therefore, the effectiveness and safety of primary anastomosis versus Hartmann's operation (HP) was compared in a case-matched control study. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients with primary anastomosis and protective ileostomy (PAS) were matched to 30 HP patients, controlling for age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, body mass index (BMI), and peritonitis severity (Hinchey). In a second analysis, PAS patients with purulent peritonitis (Hinchey 3) were matched to patients with primary anastomosis without ileostomy (PA). Results: Hospital mortality was similar between HP (17%) and PAS (10%). Complication frequency and severity (requiring re-intervention or admission to the Intensive Care Unit [ICU]) were comparable for the first operation (60% versus 56% and 30% versus 32%). The stoma reversal rate was higher in PAS than in HP (96% versus 60%, p=0.001), with significantly fewer complications (23% versus 66%, p=0.02), and lower severity (7% versus 33%, p=0.02). Additional analysis of PAS versus PA showed similar morbidity (52% versus 41%, p=0.45) and complication severity (18% versus 24%, p=0.51), whereas overall operation time and hospital stay were significantly shorter in PA (169 versus 320 min, p=0.003, 17 versus 28 days, p<0.001). Conclusions: Primary anastomosis and protective ileostomy is a superior treatment to HP in acute left-sided colon perforation. In the absence of feculent peritonitis an ileostomy appears unnecessar